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Basic Parallel Processes

Толкование Перевод

1 BPP

1) Компьютерная техника: Basic Parallel Process, Bits Per Pixel

2) Медицина: биофизический профиль плода

3) Страхование: building and personal property coverage form

4) Автомобильный термин: brake pedal position switch

5) Сокращение: Bhutan People's Party, Black Panther Party, число битов на элемент изображения ( бит на пиксел) (bits per pixel)

6) Физиология: Blood pressure and pulse

7) Вычислительная техника: Bridge Port Pair, Bits Per Pixel (BIT)

8) Энергетика: Biomass Power Plant, ТЭЦ на биомассе

9) Сетевые технологии: Bidirectional Parallel Port

10) Программирование: Branch and Pull Plug

11) Океанография: Basic Parallel Processes

12) Расширение файла: Backup application (Clarion)

13) NYSE. Burnham Pacific Properties, Inc.

14) Хобби: British Packet Postage

15) Единицы измерений: Bytes Per Pixel

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > BPP
2 bpp

1) Компьютерная техника: Basic Parallel Process, Bits Per Pixel

2) Медицина: биофизический профиль плода

3) Страхование: building and personal property coverage form

4) Автомобильный термин: brake pedal position switch

5) Сокращение: Bhutan People's Party, Black Panther Party, число битов на элемент изображения ( бит на пиксел) (bits per pixel)

6) Физиология: Blood pressure and pulse

7) Вычислительная техника: Bridge Port Pair, Bits Per Pixel (BIT)

8) Энергетика: Biomass Power Plant, ТЭЦ на биомассе

9) Сетевые технологии: Bidirectional Parallel Port

10) Программирование: Branch and Pull Plug

11) Океанография: Basic Parallel Processes

12) Расширение файла: Backup application (Clarion)

13) NYSE. Burnham Pacific Properties, Inc.

14) Хобби: British Packet Postage

15) Единицы измерений: Bytes Per Pixel

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > bpp
3 Bibliography

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Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography
4 in

in accordance with 1. в соответствии с

in accordance with good practice в соответствии с принятой / установившейся практикой 2. руководствуясь чем-л.

in addition to that вместе с тем

in advance 1. заранее; заблаговременно

Supplier shall notify the Contractor sufficiently in advance of any fabricating operations Обо всех производственных операциях Поставщик заблаговременно извещает Подрядчика 2. авансом (т.е. "вперед", в отличие от in arrears- см.)

in all ways 1. во всех отношениях 2. с любой точки зрения

in ample time заблаговременно ( с оттенком задолго до, с большим запасом [ по времени])

in analysis based on limit load при расчете по предельным нагрузкам

in anticipation 1. исподволь 2. заблаговременно

in arrears по факту (т.е. по истечении какого-то времени, «потом», в отличие от in advance - см)

in attendance Those in attendance included Присутствовали:...

in basic terms вообще говоря; в общем и целом; как правило

in block letters печатными буквами

in the blueprint stage в стадии проектирования (перен. в стадии планирования, "на бумаге"; в отличие от in the hardware stage - см.)

in bulk quantities в товарных количествах

in case a (

the)

seal is disturbed при нарушении пломбы

in case of eye contact при попадании в глаза (опасного / вредного вещества /материала)

in case of ingestion при попадании внутрь (опасного / вредного вещества /материала)

in case of inhalation при вдыхании (опасного / вредного вещества / материала)

in case of respiratory standstill при остановке дыхания

in case of skin contact при попадании на кожу (опасного /вредного вещества /материала)

in case of swallowing при проглатывании (опасного /вредного вещества /материала)

in the clear: be sure all personnel are in the clear убедиться в том, что весь персонал находится в безопасности (т.е. вне опасности, на безопасном расстоянии и т.д.)

in codex form в форме книги

in compliance with по (напр., нормам, ТУ и т.д.);

in compliance with your request по Вашей просьбе

in conclusion, В заключение...

in a condensed form в сжатой форме

in conflict with: In conflict with this is... ( в начале предлож.) В то же время...; Вместе с тем...

in conformance to по (напр., нормам, ТУ и т.д.)

in conjunction with 1. параллельно с

In conjunction with an increase in rate, the tube position corresponding to... is located farther upstream Параллельно с увеличением скорости [ осадкообразования] сечение на трубке, соответствующее..., смещается все выше по потоку 2. одновременно с 3. в сочетании с

in connection with 1. в свете... 2. в контексте чего-л. 3. in connection with Fig. 13... Если обратиться к рис. 13...

in consideration of 1. принимая во внимание 2. учитывая

in a conspicuous location на видном месте

in a conspicuous place на видном месте

in a conspicuous position на видном месте

in consultation with по согласованию с; по договоренности с

in contemplation of в преддверии чего-л.;

in contemplation of our upcoming meeting в преддверии нашей предстоящей встречи

in the context of 1. в связи с; в свете; в плане 2. применительно к 3. если иметь в виду; с учетом 4. на примере 5. с точки зрения 6. в случае 7. в отношении 8. в области 9. в рамках

in continuation of в развитие чего-л.

in contradiction with противоречащий чему-л.

if this is not in contradiction with если это не противоречит...

in contrast (npomueum.) 1. же

In contrast, the algorithm presented here... Предлагаемый же здесь метод... 2. что же касается...

These studies have concentrated in the upper water layers... In contrast, rather little detailed work seems to have been undertaken in the very deepest parts of the[ Caspian] Sea Эти исследования проводились в основном в верхних слоях воды... Что же касается самых глубоких участков [ Каспийского] моря, то там, похоже, практически не проводилось сколько-нибудь детальных исследовательских работ

in contrast to в отличие от; в то время как; что же касается

in control не выходящий за установленные предельные значения (напр., о размерах, механических свойствах, технологических параметрах и т.д.)

in a controlled manner организованно

the practice of burning off waste gas in a controlled manner установившаяся / принятая практика организованного сжигания сбросного газа [ в факеле]

in a criss-cross pattern по перекрестной схеме ( затяжка болтов - для обеспечения равномерной затяжки)

in a customary manner обычным способом; по обычной схеме; тривиально

A shall be determined in a customary manner А определяется обычным путем / по обычной схеме / тривиально

in a design situation при проектировании

in diction словами; на обычном языке; открытым текстом (т.е. не кодом)

in a direction parallel to по ходу (напр., трубопровода)

in document format отдельным изданием

in domestic experience в отечественной практике

in due time в установленные сроки; своевременно

in effect по существу

in either direction в любом направлении

in either direction parallel to the piping run в любом направлении по ходу трубопровода

in excess больше ( чем нужно);

well in excess заведомо больше; с избытком

in excess of 1. не укладывающийся в 2. сверх чего-л.

weld material in excess of the specified weld size избыток материала сварного шва сверх установленного размера

in an expedient manner оперативно

in fact более того,...

in force действующий (напр., законодательство, договор и т.д.)

in the field на монтаже ( а не па заводе или на производстве)

in the first place вообще

in foreseeable future в обозримом будущем

in formative stage в стадии становления

in free format в произвольном виде

in full detail исчерпывающе; исчерпывающим образом; исчерпывающе подробно; с исчерпывающей полнотой

in full standing полноправный

in full view в пределах прямой видимости (зд. «прямо» означает не впереди, перед, а незаслоненный, незагороженный)

in furtherance of в продолжение чего-л.;

in furtherance of our talks в продолжение нашего разговора

in furtherance to в развитие чего-л.;

in furtherance to your letter dated01.15.2004 в развитие Вашего письма от 15.01.2004 г.

in ( the) future 1. со временем; впоследствии 2. в перспективе

in general: A does not in general correspond to В А не всегда соответствует В

in general terms вообще говоря

in the generic sense собирательно

in good order в полной исправности; в исправном рабочем состоянии;

in good working order в исправном рабочем состоянии

in good standing полноправный

in a gradual manner плавно;

pre-heat shall be applied in a gradual and uniform manner подогрев производится плавно и равномерно

in greater detail намного / гораздо полнее

in hand (см. тж. on hand) наличный; имеющийся

quantity in hand наличные запасы;

work in hand намеченная к выполнению работа; запланированная работа; заданная работа

in the hardware stage в стадии конструктивной сборки (в отличие от in the blueprint stage - см.)

in hidden form (матем.) в неявном виде; в неявной форме

in the initial stages на первых порах

in isolation автономно

in the judgment of по мнению

in line with 1. в увязке с

in line with overall project requirements в увязке с потребностями проекта в целом 2. (перен.) в русле чего-л. 3. вдоль чего-л. 4. соосно с чем-л. 5. параллельно чему-л.

in the long run в перспективе

in a... manner: in a gradual and uniform manner плавно и равномерно

in a masterful way мастерски

The problem has been dealt with in a masterful way Поставленная задача решена мастерски

in the mean в обычном смысле

in the melting-pot: be in the melting-pot находиться в стадии решения / принятия решения

in a modification в другом исполнении

in multiples of в количестве

in the near term в краткосрочной перспективе

in need of нуждающийся в чем-л.;

those found to be in need of assistance те, кто определенно нуждаются в помощи

in no case ни при каких обстоятельствах

in a non-discriminative manner непредвзято

in no time в сжатые сроки

in no way никоим образом не

The signing of this document by a Company agent shall in no way relieve the Manufacturer of any responsibility for Визирование / Факт подписания настоящего документа представителем Компании никоим образом не освобождает Поставщика от ответственности за;

Inspection by the Contractor in no way relieves the Supplier of his responsibility to meet the requirements of... Проведение / Факт проведения контроля Подрядчиком никоим образом не освобождает Поставщика от ответственности за выполнение требований...

in operation задействованный;

which may fluctuate due to the number of fire water hydrants in operation который может колебаться в зависимости от числа задействованных пожарных гидрантов

in an orderly manner организованно; в организованном порядке

in outline в общих чертах

in one's own element в своей сфере

in one's own milieu в своей сфере

in particular в первую очередь; прежде всего

in passing заметим в скобках; заметим попутно; между прочим

in person лично

in place:

1) be in place 1. иметь наготове; представлять (документы, согласования и т.д.) 2. (описат.) используемый (реально, фактически)

2) have in place располагать (чем-л.)

3) put in place 1. внедрять; вводить в действие; внедрять в практику 2. реализовывать 3. выполнять ( фактически); осуществлять 4. задействовать; (перен..) запускать (напр., процесс перехода на новый материал)

in point:

1) case in point характерный пример; образчик; эпизод

2) tool in point подходящее / нужное / соответствующее средство

in the present circumstances 1. в данном случае 2. в этих условиях

in ( the) press готовится к печати

in print;

Books in print (КВП) "Книги, имеющиеся в продаже" (а не в печати!)

in progress быть ( пока) незавершенным

Since work is still in progress to define А Поскольку работа по определению А еще не завершена,...

in pursuance of: 1. следуя (напр., нашему плану) 2. in pursuance of your letter dated01.15.2004 в связи с Вашим письмом от 15.01.2004 г.; в контексте Вашего письма от 15.01.2004 г. 3. in pursuance of your orders во исполнение Ваших указаний

in pursuance to в ответ на;

in pursuance to your letter в ответ на Ваше письмо

in question рассматриваемый

in receipt of: We are in receipt of your letter dated Мы получили Ваше письмо от...

in recent years в последние годы

in recognition of 1. отдавая должное 2. принимая во внимание 3. с учетом

in reference: in reference to your inquiry dated На Ваш запрос от...

in this regard (синон. in this context) в этой связи

in response of в соответствии с;

in response of A comments against В в соответствии с замечаниями А по В

in response to в соответствии с;

in response to crew comments against B1 unit в соответствии с замечаниями экипажа по блоку В1;

in retaliation в отместку за что-л.

in retrospect задним числом

in routine use in: be in routine use in обычно используется в

in running order годный к пуску (напр., блок электростанции)

in a sense в известном смысле

in a short time в недалеком будущем

in situ на своем месте

in so doing ( в начале предлож.) При этом...

in so far as коль скоро

in some instances... and in others в одних случаях..., а в других случаях

in some locations..., in other (

locations) в одних местах..., в других...

in spurts скачкообразный (напр., о росте трещины)

in step with по мере (увеличения, уменьшения, роста, снижения, и т.д.];

in step with the growth in GDP по мере роста / увеличения валового внутреннего продукта

in substitution to взамен чего-л. (напр., выдавать доработанный чертеж: проекта вместо другого, предыдущего)

in summary в общем (и целом)

in terms of (ЛДП) 1. в плане чего-л.; в части чего-л. 2. если говорить о 3. (матем.) относительно

A can be written in terms of stress, displacement... А можно записать относительно напряжений, перемещений... 4. с точки зрения

The processes that... have been evaluated in terms of the reduction of total reactive nitrogen Процессы, которые..., оценивали с точки зрения снижения концентрации общего реакцион-носпособного азота 5. по...

These zones were examined separately in terms of how they influenced the exhaust level of NO^x Параметры каждой из этих зон исследовали раздельно по их влиянию на интенсивность образования

NO^x 6. в вопросах... 7. в пересчете на 8. в соответствии
in this context 1. здесь; в этом / данном случае; в этом смысле 2. в данной ситуации; в такой ситуации 3. в этой связи; в связи с этим 4. при этом условии 5. при такой постановке 6. в рамках; в свете
in this instance А если это так, то; А раз это так, то

in a timely manner оперативно

Bureau of Land Management will make every effort to process applications for rights-of-way in a timely manner Управление земплепользования США примет все меры к оперативному рассмотрению заявлений на получение полосы отчуждения / отвода

in a tough spot: be in a tough spot находиться / оказаться в затруднительном положении

in a uniform manner равномерно

in unique cases в исключительных случаях

in unison параллельно; совместно; в связке

if a load is lifted by two or more trucks working in unison если перевалка груза осуществляется двумя или более самосвалами, работающими в связке

in use 1. принятый (в знач. находящийся в употреблении)

standard operating procedure in use within the US обычная методика / обычный порядок работы, принятая / принятый в США 2. находящийся в обороте 3. at the locations where the equipment is in use в тех местах, где эта техника эксплуатируется / используется / задействуется

in a variety of[ different areas] в самых различных [ областях]

in the vicinity of в зоне чего-л.;

in the vicinity of fire в зоне огня ( пожара)

in view of 1. в связи с; коль скоро; в свете чего-л.; на основании чего-л. in view of the foregoing в связи с вышеизложенным; в свете вышеизложенного; на основании вышеизложенного 2. in view of the fact that в связи с тем, что

in which case и тогда...

in witness whereof в удостоверение чего...

in words прописью ( о цифрах)

in a workmanlike manner квалифицированно; мастерски; "классно"

in writing в письменном виде

in a wrong place 1. в неположенном месте 2. (разг.) не там

English-Russian dictionary of scientific and technical difficulties vocabulary > in
5 Language

   1) The Book of Nature Is Written in the Language of Mathematics

   Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)

   2) Arranging Speech so as to Reply Appropriately

   It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)

   3) No Other Animal Has the Language Capacity of the Human

   It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)

   4) Human Beings Do Not Live Only in the World of Objects

   Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reﬂection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)

   5) Language Powerfully Conditions All Our Thinking

   It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)

   6) A List of Language Games

   [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]

   Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it

   Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another

   LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)

   7) Language Constrains Certain Modes of Interpretation

   We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)

   8) We Dissect Nature in Accordance with Our Native Languages

   We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.

   The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)

   9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language

   The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)

    10) The Analysis of Certain Types of Utterances

   It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)

    11) The Dictionary of a Language Is a System of Concepts

   In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)

    12) Talk about the Evolution of the Language Capacity is Beside the Point

   In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)

    13) The Development of Language

   [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chieﬂy governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)

    14) Sentential and Conceptual Levels in Language

   he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.

   The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)

    15) Linguistic Realities Have Not Yet Been Captured by Theoretical Models

   The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.

   But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)

    16) The Final Steps to Human Language

   The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)

    17) The Inadequacy of Formal Linguistic Models for Ordinary Language Usage

    t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)

    18) When a Language Is an Abstract Machine

   A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)

    19) Metaphor and Metonymy Underpin the Formation of Linguistic Signs

   Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)

    20) Language and the Analysis of Nature

   It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)

    21) Correspondence Rules for Mapping Old Theory into Subsets of New Theory

   First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....

   Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)

    22) The Inclusion of Non- linguistic Factors in a Theory of Grammar

   If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)

    23) Language Is Inevitably Inﬂuenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction

   Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)

    24) The Genetic Blueprints of Language

   By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)

    25) Languages Are Machines

   Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

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